This page provides general information about nephrology based on 24 common questions. Nephrology covers the structure and function of the kidneys, how kidney problems are assessed and monitored, and when coordination with other specialists is needed. Below are common symptoms, tests used to evaluate kidney health, follow‑up approaches, and guidance on when to seek urgent care.
Nephrology includes evaluation of acute and chronic kidney dysfunction, investigation of abnormalities in urine such as blood or protein, diagnosis of electrolyte imbalances, and monitoring structural or functional kidney disorders. It also involves pre‑ and post‑transplant care, preparation for dialysis when indicated, and coordination with cardiology, urology and other specialties.
People are often referred to nephrology for changes in urine color or visible blood, persistent foamy urine (which can suggest protein in the urine), reduced or increased urine output, swelling of the hands, feet or face (edema), unexplained fatigue, high blood pressure that is hard to control, or new muscle cramps and appetite loss. These signs warrant medical evaluation to determine the cause.
Routine assessments include blood tests (serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate—eGFR—and electrolytes), urinalysis with sediment examination, and measurements of urine protein such as 24‑hour collections or spot urine protein/creatinine ratios. Kidney ultrasound is commonly used for imaging; in some cases further imaging or a kidney biopsy may be recommended. Which tests are ordered and how often they are repeated is decided by the nephrologist based on clinical findings and risk factors.
Arrange a nephrology consultation for ongoing or recurrent blood or protein in the urine, progressive decline in kidney function on laboratory tests, uncontrolled hypertension with kidney involvement, marked edema, or sudden changes in urine production. Seek urgent medical attention for inability to pass urine, severe shortness of breath, chest pain, sudden and severe swelling of the face or limbs, fainting, or symptoms suggesting a life‑threatening problem—these require emergency services.
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