Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney condition marked by excessive protein loss in the urine and fluid buildup (edema). It can occur in both children and adults; diagnosis and ongoing monitoring are usually managed by a nephrology specialist.
Nephrotic syndrome occurs when the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli) allow an abnormal amount of protein to pass into the urine. Loss of albumin from the blood can lead to low blood protein levels and fluid accumulation in tissues, producing visible swelling. The exact presentation varies with the underlying cause and severity.
Typical features include swelling of the face, ankles and abdomen, foamy or concentrated urine, rapid weight gain from fluid retention, and fatigue. Seek urgent care if you develop severe shortness of breath, very sudden or extreme swelling, a marked drop in urine output, or fever with worsening symptoms.
Initial evaluation commonly starts with a urinalysis to detect protein and blood, and blood tests to measure albumin and kidney function. Quantitative urine protein measurements, further bloodwork, imaging when indicated, and in some cases a kidney biopsy are used to define the cause and guide follow‑up. A nephrologist determines the appropriate tests.
Nephrotic syndrome can be primary (a glomerular disease) or secondary to systemic conditions, infections, or medications. Follow‑up typically includes regular nephrology visits and laboratory monitoring; children are evaluated by pediatric nephrology. Depending on findings, other specialists such as rheumatology or infectious diseases may be involved.
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