Sleep apnea is a condition in which breathing repeatedly stops or becomes very shallow during sleep. This page provides general information; diagnosis and management require assessment by a healthcare professional.
Sleep apnea refers to repeated pauses in breathing (apneas) or episodes of reduced breathing (hypopneas) during sleep. These events can result from partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway or from changes in the brain’s control of breathing. There are different subtypes and it can occur at any age.
Typical signs include loud, chronic snoring, witnessed pauses in breathing during sleep, daytime sleepiness, morning headache, poor concentration and unrestorative sleep. See a healthcare professional if a bed partner reports breathing pauses, daytime sleepiness interferes with daily life, or sleepiness causes safety concerns (for example while driving). If someone has sudden, prolonged breathing cessation, fainting or severe breathing difficulty, contact emergency services.
Risk factors can include excess weight, larger neck circumference, certain airway anatomy, older age, family history and some medical conditions. Lifestyle factors such as alcohol and tobacco use may worsen symptoms. Untreated sleep apnea can reduce sleep quality and daytime functioning and is associated with other health risks; individual risk assessment requires a clinician’s evaluation.
Evaluation typically involves primary care assessment and referral to sleep medicine or pulmonary (respiratory) specialists; ENT (ear‑nose‑throat) doctors and sometimes neurologists are also involved. Diagnostic tests include in‑lab polysomnography or validated home sleep tests that measure breathing, oxygen levels and sleep stages. A sleep clinic or specialist can advise on next steps.
Good sleep habits, consistent sleep schedules and avoiding heavy alcohol or sedatives before bedtime may help general sleep quality. People who are sleepy while driving or operating machinery should seek medical review promptly. This page offers general information and does not replace individualized medical assessment.
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