Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung tissue caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or aspiration. This page offers general information and guidance on which specialties are involved; for diagnosis and management consult a healthcare provider.
Pneumonia is inflammation of the air sacs (alveoli) and surrounding lung tissue. Common causes include bacteria and viruses; fungi or inhaled material can also trigger infection. Severity varies with the causative agent, the person’s age and underlying medical conditions.
Typical symptoms include cough (sometimes producing phlegm), fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain that worsens on deep breaths, and marked fatigue. Young children, older adults, people with weakened immune systems, and those with chronic lung, heart disease or diabetes are at higher risk. Smoking and recent hospital stays also increase risk.
Diagnosis generally combines clinical assessment and imaging. Providers may use physical examination, chest X‑ray, blood tests and, when needed, sputum samples to identify the cause. Initial evaluation can be done in primary care or an emergency department; Pulmonology (Chest Medicine) and Infectious Diseases provide specialist assessment and follow‑up when required.
Seek immediate medical attention for sudden or severe breathlessness, bluish lips or fingertips, confusion or reduced alertness, very high fever with rapid worsening, or intense chest pain. Preventive measures include good hand hygiene, vaccination (influenza and pneumococcal vaccines where appropriate), quitting smoking, avoiding crowded high‑risk exposures, and managing chronic illnesses.
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