Fever is a rise in body temperature above the usual range and is a sign, not a disease. It commonly accompanies infections but can also occur with inflammatory conditions, medication reactions, or other medical causes. Assessment depends on age, accompanying symptoms and how temperature is measured.
Most fevers are due to viral or bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract or other organs. Non‑infectious causes include autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, drug reactions and heat‑related conditions. Chronic or intermittent fever may suggest a different underlying process and should be evaluated in context with other symptoms such as cough, rash, joint pain or urinary complaints.
Temperature can be taken orally, axillary (underarm) or rectally; rectal measurement is often the most accurate in young children. Thresholds considered ‘fever’ vary by method—adults are often classified as febrile at about 38 °C and above—but consistent use of the same method and device gives more reliable comparisons. Repeat measurements a few hours apart if needed to confirm trends.
Basic measures—keeping well hydrated, resting, dressing lightly and avoiding excessive ambient heat—can improve comfort. Monitoring symptoms and temperature trends helps decide if further assessment is needed. These measures are supportive and do not replace clinical evaluation when symptoms suggest a more serious problem.
Seek prompt medical attention if fever is accompanied by severe breathing difficulty, confusion or altered consciousness, repeated vomiting, severe abdominal pain, neck stiffness, seizure, widespread purpuric rash, or persistent high fever. Infants, especially those under 3 months, and people with chronic medical conditions may need earlier evaluation. If you suspect an emergency, contact local emergency services without delay.
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