Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach contents move back into the esophagus repeatedly, causing chronic heartburn, regurgitation or other symptoms. The sections below offer general information on common signs, warning features, and which specialists can evaluate and manage the condition.
GERD develops when the lower esophageal sphincter is weakened or when stomach contents are more likely to reflux into the esophagus. Typical triggers include large or fatty meals, spicy foods, being overweight, smoking and lying down soon after eating. Less obvious effects can include a chronic cough, hoarse voice or dental enamel wear from acid exposure.
Common complaints are a burning sensation in the chest (heartburn), sour or bitter taste from regurgitation, difficulty swallowing and frequent belching. Seek prompt medical evaluation or emergency care if you experience chest pain with shortness of breath, severe difficulty swallowing, repeated intense vomiting, vomiting blood, black stools, or sudden unexplained weight loss—these may signal conditions that need immediate attention.
Initial evaluation usually starts with a detailed history and physical exam. A gastroenterologist may order tests such as upper endoscopy (gastroscopy), 24-hour pH monitoring, esophageal manometry or radiologic imaging when indicated. The choice of tests depends on symptom patterns and clinical findings; referral to gastroenterology helps determine the appropriate workup.
Simple changes often reduce the frequency and severity of reflux symptoms: eat smaller meals, avoid eating within two to three hours of lying down, elevate the head of the bed, maintain a healthy weight, stop smoking and limit foods or drinks that trigger symptoms. These are general measures—individual advice and follow-up should come from a healthcare professional.
Untreated or long-standing reflux can lead to esophagitis (inflammation), narrowing (stricture), bleeding or changes such as Barrett’s esophagus in some people. Regular monitoring or endoscopic surveillance may be recommended depending on severity and findings; a gastroenterologist can advise on follow-up frequency and risk reduction.
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