Heartburn is a burning sensation behind the breastbone or a sour taste from the stomach moving up into the throat. It often results from stomach acid touching the esophagus lining (acid reflux). The information here is general; if symptoms are frequent or severe seek medical evaluation.
Heartburn occurs when stomach acid or contents flow back into the esophagus and irritate its lining. Occasional reflux is common, but repeated or persistent episodes may require further assessment to check for complications or an underlying condition.
Foods and habits that often trigger heartburn include large or fatty meals, spicy foods, acidic foods and drinks, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, smoking, eating quickly, and overeating. Pregnancy, excess weight, a hiatal hernia and some medications can also make reflux more likely. Identifying personal triggers can help reduce episodes.
Typical signs include a burning feeling in the chest, regurgitation of sour or bitter fluid, belching, a chronic cough or hoarseness. Seek urgent medical help if you have chest pain with sweating, significant shortness of breath, fainting, bloody or coffee‑ground vomiting, or black stools — these may indicate a serious problem.
Lifestyle changes often lower the frequency and intensity of heartburn. Try eating smaller portions, avoid lying down right after meals, finish eating 2–3 hours before bedtime, limit alcohol and smoking, lose excess weight if advised, and raise the head of the bed slightly. Tight clothing that presses the abdomen can worsen symptoms. These are general suggestions; discuss personal options with a clinician.
Start with your primary care doctor or internal medicine physician; they can assess symptoms and refer to Gastroenterology if needed. Diagnostic options may include endoscopy, pH monitoring, esophageal manometry or imaging when clinically indicated. Tests are selected based on individual history and exam.
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