Bacterial vaginosis is caused by an imbalance in the vagina’s normal bacterial community. It often presents with discharge or an unusual odor; consult a healthcare professional for evaluation and guidance.
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) results from a decline in protective lactobacilli and an increase in other bacteria, creating a microbial imbalance. A clear single cause is not always found, but factors such as douching, changes in sexual activity, and hormonal influences are linked to higher risk. BV is not routinely classified as a sexually transmitted infection, although sexual activity can affect risk.
Common complaints include a thin, gray‑white vaginal discharge and a fishy odor that may become more noticeable after sex. Some people experience itching or burning; others have few or no symptoms. In pregnancy, BV may need closer monitoring because it can be associated with increased risks; pregnant people should contact their care provider if they notice new symptoms.
Diagnosis is based on medical history, pelvic examination and, when indicated, laboratory testing. A clinician will assess discharge characteristics and may request microscopic evaluation or microbiological tests to support the diagnosis. Follow‑up is important, especially when symptoms recur.
To reduce risk, avoid douching and scented vaginal products, choose breathable cotton underwear, and consider condom use in some situations. Seek prompt medical attention for high fever, severe pelvic pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, very strong foul odor, or any new concerning symptoms. For recurrent problems or ongoing concerns, see a primary care clinician or gynecologist.
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