Inability to become pregnant (infertility) can have multiple causes affecting one or both partners. This page explains frequent factors, typical evaluations, and the types of specialists who may be involved in care, to help you understand possible next steps.
Infertility often results from a combination of factors. Common female causes include ovulation disorders, blocked fallopian tubes, uterine structural problems, endometriosis and age-related decline in egg reserve. Male factors relate to sperm count, movement or structure. Chronic medical conditions, hormonal imbalances, some infections and lifestyle factors (smoking, heavy alcohol use, very high or low body weight, and stress) can also affect fertility.
Assessment typically proceeds for both partners. For women this includes medical history, menstrual pattern and ovulation assessment; blood tests for hormones (for example FSH, LH, TSH, prolactin), pelvic ultrasound and, when indicated, imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes such as hysterosalpingography (HSG). For men, semen analysis is the main initial test. The exact tests recommended depend on age, history and prior findings; a specialist can tailor the plan.
Initial evaluation is usually with a gynecologist (obstetrics and gynecology). For more complex fertility issues, reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialists provide focused assessment and treatment options. Male-factor concerns may involve urology or andrology. Other services such as endocrinology, infectious disease, or genetic counselling may be consulted when indicated.
General health measures can support fertility: balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol, and managing chronic conditions. These are general measures, not a substitute for professional assessment. Seek urgent medical attention if you experience severe pelvic pain, high fever, sudden heavy vaginal bleeding, shortness of breath or other rapidly worsening symptoms.
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