Eyelid swelling is visible puffiness of the upper or lower eyelid that can be localized or diffuse. It may cause discomfort, mild blurring of vision or cosmetic concern. Causes range from local eyelid conditions and infections to allergic reactions, trauma or systemic disorders; identifying the likely cause guides which specialist should assess the problem.
Swelling can affect one or both eyelids. Sudden onset suggests allergy, trauma or acute infection; slower, localized swelling may point to a chalazion or cyst. Associated signs such as pain, redness, fever or change in vision raise the level of concern and affect triage.
Frequent causes include allergic reactions (including allergic conjunctivitis), blepharitis, hordeolum (stye), chalazion, contact dermatitis, trauma, insect bites and preseptal or orbital cellulitis. Systemic conditions (kidney, heart or thyroid disease) may cause more generalized facial or eyelid edema. When infection is possible, the organism and risk of spread are important considerations.
Seek prompt medical evaluation if there is severe pain, marked loss of vision, limitation of eye movements, rapidly spreading redness or swelling toward the face or neck, high fever or any sudden systemic deterioration. In those situations contact emergency services or an eye specialist without delay.
Initial assessment may occur in primary care or urgent care; ophthalmology is usually the specialty best placed to examine the eye and eyelids. Dermatology, Infectious Diseases or Internal Medicine may be involved when underlying skin disease, atypical infection or systemic causes are suspected. Diagnosis commonly includes focused history and eye examination, plus targeted laboratory tests, cultures or imaging when deep infection or systemic disease is a concern.
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