Eye redness is a common sign caused by dilation of the tiny blood vessels on the white of the eye (the conjunctiva). It may affect one or both eyes and range from mild pinkness to marked redness. Below are possible causes, typical accompanying symptoms, which specialties usually assess it, and warning signs that warrant urgent care.
Redness appears when conjunctival or eyelid vessels dilate in response to irritation or inflammation. Triggers include allergic reactions, infectious agents, reduced tear film (dry eye), foreign bodies, contact lens wear, and surface injuries. In some cases, internal eye conditions or systemic illness can produce red eyes.
- Conjunctivitis (viral or bacterial) and allergic conjunctivitis - Dry eye and tear film instability - Contact lens–related irritation or infection risk - Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid margin) - Subconjunctival haemorrhage (a bright red patch on the white) - Surface trauma or chemical exposure Each cause tends to have a typical pattern of symptoms, duration and contagiousness.
Redness can occur with itching, burning, tearing, discharge, a gritty or foreign‑body sensation, or mild blurred vision. Seek urgent medical assessment if you have severe eye pain, sudden or marked vision loss, strong sensitivity to light, rapidly increasing swelling around the eye, signs after chemical exposure, or fever with systemic symptoms. These signs may indicate conditions requiring prompt evaluation.
Ophthalmology is usually the primary specialty for red eyes. Family medicine/primary care can provide initial triage and urgent referrals. If a systemic infection, allergic cause or skin condition is suspected, coordination with Infectious Diseases, Allergy/Immunology or Dermatology may be needed. When arranging an appointment, note onset, whether one or both eyes are involved, contact lens use, recent trauma or chemical exposure, and the type of discharge or associated symptoms.
Basic hygiene lowers the risk of many causes: wash hands frequently, avoid rubbing the eyes, do not share eye makeup or contact lens products, and follow contact‑lens hygiene and wear schedules. Use protective eyewear when exposed to dust or chemicals. These measures are general; for specific guidance see an eye specialist.
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