What are the symptoms of a urinary tract infection in women?

The following symptoms may be associated with a urinary tract infection; not everyone will experience all of them.

• Frequent urination or a sudden urge to urinate
• Burning or pain while urinating
• Changes in urine color (cloudy, dark, or with blood) or a foul odor
• Pressure, discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen or lower back
• Fever, chills or general weakness (especially if the infection involves the kidneys)

Seek emergency care or go to the emergency department if any of the following occur.

• High fever or shaking chills
• Severe flank (side/lower back) pain
• Visible blood in the urine
• Severe vomiting, fainting or signs of severe dehydration
• New or worsening severe symptoms during pregnancy

These signs may indicate kidney involvement or a more serious condition and require urgent assessment.

Specialties suitable for initial assessment and possible referral.

• Family Medicine: appropriate for first assessment and referral
• Obstetrics and Gynaecology: if there are accompanying reproductive health concerns
• Urology: for recurrent urinary symptoms, upper urinary tract issues, or specialist referral
• Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology: for complicated or recurrent infections
• Internal Medicine: if there are accompanying chronic or systemic conditions

A health professional will take a history and assess symptoms and risk factors. If needed, urine analysis and/or urine culture may be requested. Recurrent or complicated cases may require further assessment and specialist referral.

• History: timing and severity of symptoms, previous episodes, sexual history and other accompanying conditions are reviewed
• Examination: a physical exam may be performed if indicated
• Laboratory: urine test and, if required, urine culture ordered based on clinical judgment

This information is general guidance and not a substitute for clinical assessment. See a healthcare facility for definitive evaluation.