Urticaria, commonly called hives, causes itchy, raised skin welts that often come and go. This page explains typical symptoms, common triggers, how episodes are classified, and which specialists can help. If you experience breathing problems, swelling of the face or tongue, fainting, or other urgent signs, seek emergency care immediately.
What is urticaria and how is it classified?
Urticaria consists of sudden, itchy raised patches (wheals) that can appear anywhere on the skin and often move or disappear within hours. Episodes are commonly grouped by duration: attacks lasting less than six weeks are termed acute urticaria, while repeated or persistent outbreaks lasting more than six weeks are classified as chronic urticaria. Some people also develop deeper tissue swelling called angioedema. The underlying process usually involves release of mediators from mast cells in the skin, triggered by a range of possible causes.
Symptoms and when to seek urgent care
Typical features include intense itch, red or pale-centred raised bumps, and sometimes a burning feeling. Angioedema may cause visible swelling around the eyes, lips or mouth. Seek urgent medical attention if you have difficulty breathing, trouble swallowing or speaking, rapidly spreading facial or tongue swelling, fainting, or confusion — these are signs that require immediate emergency evaluation.
Common triggers and everyday measures
Urticaria can be triggered by foods, certain medications, infections, physical factors (cold, heat, pressure), insect bites, or emotional stress. In many cases no clear trigger is found. Keeping a diary of foods, products, activities and exposures can help identify patterns. Wearing loose clothing, avoiding extreme temperatures, and managing stress are practical steps that may reduce flare frequency. Persistent or severe symptoms warrant specialist review.
Diagnosis and which specialist to consult
Diagnosis relies on a detailed clinical history and skin examination. Basic blood tests or investigations for infections or allergies may be requested in selected cases; chronic or complex presentations sometimes need more in‑depth testing. Initial assessment can be done by a primary care physician; dermatology and allergy/immunology specialists are commonly involved for further evaluation. If infection is suspected, an infectious diseases consultation may be appropriate.
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