Sciatica describes pain that originates from irritation or compression of nerve roots in the lower back and travels down the leg. This page explains typical complaints, likely causes, general diagnostic steps and where to seek specialist assessment. This information does not replace individualized medical evaluation.
Sciatica most often causes a sharp or burning pain that starts in the lower back or buttock and radiates down one leg. Sensations such as numbness, tingling or pins-and-needles may occur; some people report weakness in leg muscles. Pain can change with movement—coughing, sneezing or bending forward sometimes aggravates symptoms. Severity and pattern vary between individuals.
Most cases result from pressure on a spinal nerve root, for example due to a herniated lumbar disc, degenerative changes or spinal canal narrowing. Injury or inflammatory conditions can also be involved. Factors that increase risk include aging, repetitive heavy lifting, prolonged sitting, and excess body weight. Less commonly, infection or tumours may produce similar symptoms and are investigated when suspected.
Assessment typically begins with a medical history and focused physical exam looking at muscle strength, reflexes and sensation. Your clinician may perform specific manoeuvres that reproduce nerve symptoms. If needed, imaging such as MRI or X‑rays and electrophysiological tests can help identify the underlying cause. The choice of tests is guided by symptom severity and clinical findings.
General approaches aim to reduce pain, keep you moving and clarify the underlying cause. Advice often includes gradual return to activity, attention to posture and referral for physical therapy when appropriate. If you experience sudden or progressive loss of leg strength, new inability to pass urine or stool, or rapidly worsening pain, seek immediate medical evaluation or emergency care.
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