Constipation is a common bowel concern characterized by infrequent or difficult bowel movements. This page provides general information about typical causes, risk factors, everyday measures that may help, and guidance on when symptoms need prompt medical attention. For diagnosis and personalized care, consult a healthcare professional.
Constipation typically means having fewer than three bowel movements a week, hard stool, or straining. It can affect people of any age. Risk is higher in people with low physical activity, inadequate fluid or fibre intake, certain chronic illnesses, pregnancy, older age, or when taking medications that slow bowel function.
Many factors can contribute: a low-fibre diet, not drinking enough fluids, reduced physical activity, changes in routine (travel), some medications, and metabolic or hormonal conditions such as hypothyroidism. Disorders that affect nerves or muscles of the bowel, and certain neurological diseases, can also increase risk.
Typical signs include hard or lumpy stools, straining, a feeling of incomplete evacuation, and bloating. Seek urgent medical evaluation if you have severe or rapidly worsening abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, blood in the stool or black stools, high fever, unexplained weight loss, or signs of bowel obstruction. In those situations, present to emergency services or contact your healthcare provider promptly.
Initial assessment is commonly done in primary care (family medicine). If needed, your clinician may refer you to gastroenterology or general surgery for further tests. Practical measures that often help include increasing dietary fibre, ensuring adequate fluid intake, regular physical activity, establishing a consistent toilet routine and managing stress. These are general suggestions; discuss any new measures with your clinician.
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