Hypertension (high blood pressure) means consistently elevated pressure in the arteries. It often causes no obvious symptoms; regular checks and lifestyle measures help manage long‑term risk.
Hypertension occurs when the pressure exerted by blood on artery walls remains higher than normal over time. Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers: systolic (when the heart contracts) and diastolic (when the heart relaxes). A single reading can be misleading, so diagnosis usually relies on repeated measurements.
Many people have no clear symptoms and the condition can progress silently. Some may notice headaches, dizziness, vision changes or breathlessness. Uncontrolled high blood pressure raises the long‑term risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney damage and other vascular problems.
Non‑modifiable factors include age and family history. Modifiable factors include high salt intake, excess weight, physical inactivity, high alcohol intake and smoking. Measures such as a balanced diet, regular physical activity, weight management and stopping smoking reduce overall risk.
Blood pressure can be measured in clinic or at home; regular monitoring is important. Use an appropriate cuff size and measure after resting, with the arm at heart level. If readings are inconsistent, a clinician may recommend ambulatory or more frequent home monitoring. If sudden severe symptoms occur—chest pain, severe breathlessness, fainting, sudden weakness, confusion or trouble speaking—contact emergency services promptly.
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