Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) are common causes, but alcohol, certain medications, toxins or autoimmune processes can also produce liver inflammation. This page offers general information on causes, ways hepatitis spreads, common symptoms, diagnostic approaches and prevention measures.
Hepatitis is often classified by cause. Viral types differ in how they spread and in clinical course: hepatitis A and E usually spread by the fecal–oral route; hepatitis B and D by blood, sexual contact or from mother to baby; hepatitis C primarily via blood. Nonviral causes include alcohol, some drugs and autoimmune mechanisms. Each type has different risks and long‑term outcomes.
Transmission depends on the type. Common risk factors include unprotected sex, sharing needles or injection equipment, unsafe tattooing or piercing, close contact with an infected person, and travel or residence in areas with poor sanitation. Vaccination (for hepatitis A and B), good hand hygiene, safe sexual practices and sterile medical or cosmetic procedures reduce transmission risk.
Typical signs include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, pain or discomfort in the upper right abdomen, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine and pale stools. Some people have mild or no symptoms. Seek urgent medical attention or emergency services if you experience sudden or worsening jaundice, confusion or reduced consciousness, severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, or unusual bleeding or bruising, as these can indicate serious liver dysfunction.
Initial assessment usually begins in primary care with blood tests for liver enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin and viral markers (for example HAV IgM, HBsAg, anti‑HCV). If indicated, clinicians may order HBV DNA or HCV RNA testing and imaging studies. Your family physician can start the workup and, if needed, refer you to Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gastroenterology or Hepatology specialists for further evaluation.
Preventive steps include vaccination where appropriate, avoiding shared needles, choosing licensed facilities for body procedures, and practising good hand and food hygiene. Limiting alcohol intake and attending regular medical check‑ups support liver health. If you have abnormal test results or ongoing symptoms, follow up with your healthcare provider for further assessment.
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