Acute bronchitis is a short-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes that often follows an upper respiratory infection. Cough is the most prominent symptom and may be dry or productive. The sections below describe typical signs, common causes, how it is usually assessed, simple measures to ease symptoms, and when to get medical help.
The hallmark is cough, which can be dry or produce sputum that ranges from clear to yellowish. Mild fever, sore throat, chest tightness or wheeze and modest fatigue are common. Symptoms usually develop over days; the cough often peaks and then gradually improves, commonly resolving within 1–3 weeks. A cough that persists much longer may prompt further evaluation.
Most cases are caused by viruses (for example rhinovirus or influenza); bacterial causes are less common. Cigarette smoke, air pollution, workplace dusts or chemical exposures make bronchial airways more sensitive. People with chronic lung disease (such as COPD), immune suppression, very young or older age have higher risk of complications.
Diagnosis is usually based on medical history and a physical exam, including listening to the lungs. Additional tests — chest X-ray, blood tests or sputum cultures — may be ordered if there is high fever, significant breathlessness, suspected pneumonia, immune suppression or if symptoms are severe or atypical. Recurrent episodes may lead to evaluation for an underlying chronic condition.
General measures include staying well hydrated, resting, using humidified air or steam to ease cough, and avoiding tobacco smoke and other irritants. Hand hygiene and covering coughs reduce transmission. Quitting smoking and reducing exposure to pollutants lowers future risk. Seasonal influenza vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination for at‑risk groups can help prevent some respiratory complications.
Most people recover without complications, but some may develop pneumonia or have worsening of underlying lung disease. Seek urgent medical evaluation or emergency care if you experience rapidly worsening shortness of breath, chest pain, persistent high fever, coughing up blood, new confusion, or severe weakness.
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