A deformity means a visible change in the shape or symmetry of a body part. It can be congenital or develop after trauma, infection, growth differences or chronic conditions. This page gives general information about common types, likely causes, which medical specialties are most often involved, and practical next steps for assessment.
Deformity covers differences in the appearance or alignment of bones, joints, muscles, skin or other soft tissues. Common examples include spinal curvatures (scoliosis, kyphosis), limb length discrepancies, joint angulations (varus/valgus), congenital limb anomalies and deformities that follow fractures or tissue loss. Some deformities are primarily cosmetic, while others affect movement or function.
Causes range from genetic and embryologic conditions to problems during growth, untreated or malunited fractures, chronic inflammatory diseases, infections and tumors. Neuromuscular conditions or prior injuries can also change shape over time. Risk factors include family history, significant childhood injuries, untreated underlying disease, and lack of appropriate rehabilitation after trauma.
Referral depends on the origin and needs of the deformity. Orthopaedics and Traumatology address bone and joint issues. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation focuses on function, non‑surgical management and therapy. Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery is consulted for soft‑tissue reconstruction or cosmetic concerns. Pediatric cases may involve Pediatrics and Pediatric Orthopaedics; skin or facial problems can involve Dermatology. Complex cases often benefit from a team approach.
A clinician will take a medical history and perform a physical and functional exam. Imaging commonly used includes X‑rays, CT and MRI; ultrasound can be useful for some soft‑tissue problems. In certain situations, nerve or vascular studies and gait or functional testing are added to define the impact and guide management. Which tests are needed is decided by the treating specialist.
Seek urgent assessment if deformity appears with sudden severe pain, pronounced swelling, an open wound or bleeding, loss of sensation or strength, or signs of poor circulation (cold or pale limb). In those cases contact local emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. When arranging routine appointments, note when the change began, any associated symptoms or prior injuries, and any imaging already performed.
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