A seizure is a temporary change in brain electrical activity that can produce abrupt changes in movement, awareness or sensations. A single seizure may have many causes; repeated seizures or particular patterns usually require a detailed medical evaluation.
Seizures vary widely. Focal (partial) seizures start in a limited brain area and may cause localized twitching, unusual sensations or changes in awareness. Generalized seizures involve broader brain regions and can produce loss of consciousness, convulsive jerking, or brief lapses of attention. Some seizures are subtle and hard to spot from outside, while others are dramatic and involve full-body movements.
Many conditions can trigger a seizure: epilepsy, high fever in children, head trauma, stroke, brain infections, metabolic imbalances (for example electrolyte disturbances), withdrawal from alcohol or some medicines, and brain lesions or tumors. Prior head injury, known neurological disease or certain systemic illnesses can raise seizure risk.
Common signs include convulsive movements, sudden collapse, brief staring spells, confusion or unusual sensations. Prioritize safety: move dangerous objects away, protect the person’s head, and ease them into a safe position if possible. Do not forcefully restrain the person or place objects in their mouth. If a seizure is prolonged, repeats, the person has trouble breathing, there is a serious injury, the event occurs during pregnancy, or it is a first-time seizure, seek urgent medical help.
Anyone who has had a seizure should be assessed to find potential causes and guide follow-up. Initial care may happen in primary care or emergency services; neurologists commonly conduct further evaluation. Tests can include a medical history, physical exam, EEG, brain imaging and blood tests to identify underlying causes and determine appropriate monitoring.
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