Headache is a common symptom with many possible sources. This page outlines typical causes, main headache types, frequent triggers and general guidance on when to consult a health service for further assessment.
Headache is a symptom, not a diagnosis, and can result from many conditions. Frequent causes include tension-type headache, migraine, sinus congestion, eye strain and dehydration. Sleep disruption, stress, hormonal changes, excess caffeine or sudden caffeine withdrawal, and some long-term medication uses can also trigger headaches. Less commonly, headaches reflect infections, high blood pressure episodes, head injury or other neurological issues.
Headaches are grouped as primary (for example tension-type, migraine, cluster) or secondary (due to another medical issue). Tension-type headaches are often bilateral with a pressing or tightening sensation. Migraines are commonly unilateral, throbbing and can be accompanied by light or sound sensitivity and nausea. Cluster headaches are severe, recurrent attacks that occur in bouts. These descriptions help guide assessment but do not replace specialist evaluation for diagnosis.
Triggers vary between people. Common triggers include stress, poor or irregular sleep, prolonged screen time, missed meals, dehydration, alcohol and certain foods, and hormonal shifts. Practical measures—regular sleep, adequate hydration, ergonomic adjustments for screens and tracking personal triggers—may reduce frequency. If headaches persist or worsen, seek medical evaluation rather than relying solely on self-management.
Some headache presentations need urgent assessment. Seek emergency care if headache starts very suddenly and is extremely severe, if new neurological signs appear (weakness, numbness, changes in speech or vision), if headache occurs with fever and neck stiffness, or if severe headache follows head trauma. Also consult a healthcare provider when headaches increase in frequency, significantly disrupt daily life, or differ from your usual pattern.
Primary care clinicians usually perform the first assessment and can refer as needed. Neurology commonly evaluates persistent or complex headaches. Depending on symptoms, referrals may also involve emergency medicine, otolaryngology (ENT), ophthalmology or internal medicine. Specialists use medical history, exam and sometimes imaging or lab tests to explore possible causes and recommend next steps.
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