What is a breast lump?
A breast lump refers to a distinct area of fullness, firmness or a mass within breast tissue. Lumps vary in size, shape and consistency; some cause pain, others are only visible on mammography or ultrasound.
Breast lump
A breast lump is a localized firmness or mass felt on self‑examination or identified on imaging. Many different conditions can cause a lump; evaluation usually begins with a clinical exam and may include imaging or tissue sampling. Below are practical points about common causes and when to contact a clinician or seek urgent care.
Common causes
Frequent causes include fibrocystic changes, simple cysts, fibroadenomas, fat necrosis and inflammatory conditions such as infection or abscess. Breast cancer can also produce a lump, but not all lumps are malignant. Age, hormonal status and medical history help guide evaluation.
When to seek urgent care
Seek prompt medical attention if a lump grows rapidly, is accompanied by marked redness, warmth and severe pain (possible infection), is associated with fever or a general decline in condition, or follows a recent traumatic injury with significant bleeding. For these severe signs, contact emergency services or present to urgent care without delay.
Assessment and common tests
Initial assessment is a clinical breast exam. Depending on age and findings, imaging options include mammography and breast ultrasound; breast MRI is used less often. If needed, tissue sampling—fine‑needle aspiration, core needle biopsy or excisional biopsy—provides a definitive diagnosis. The choice of tests is determined by the examining clinician.
Which specialists and what to expect
Evaluation often involves breast or general surgeons, gynecologists and radiologists experienced in breast imaging. During consultation the clinician notes the lump’s location, size, texture and any associated skin or nipple changes, then recommends appropriate imaging or biopsy. Results guide further management and follow‑up.
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