Flashes of light (photopsia) are brief, sudden perceptions of light—often seen in dim conditions, with closed eyes, or when the eye moves. This page explains common causes, how clinicians evaluate these symptoms, and when urgent medical attention is recommended.
Photopsia arises when the retina or the vitreous (the gel filling the eye) is mechanically or electrically stimulated. Typical mechanisms include vitreous traction on the retina, retinal stretching, transient electrical activity along visual pathways, or migraine-related visual disturbances.
Common causes include posterior vitreous detachment related to aging, retinal tears or detachment, eye injury, and migraine aura. Warning signs that suggest a more serious problem include sudden increase in flashes, many new floaters, a shadow or curtain over part of the vision, or notable loss of visual acuity.
Seek urgent assessment if flashes appear suddenly or markedly increase, if they occur together with new or numerous floaters, a curtain-like loss of vision, or a sudden decrease in sight. These features can indicate retinal tear or detachment and require prompt specialist review or emergency eye care.
An ophthalmologist will typically check visual acuity and intraocular pressure and perform a dilated fundus examination to view the retina. Imaging such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or B-scan ultrasound may be used when the retina cannot be seen directly or to assess the vitreous and retinal layers in more detail.
If you notice new flashes, arrange an ophthalmology review rather than waiting at home. In sudden or severe cases, attend an emergency department or an urgent eye clinic. If neurological symptoms (for example, persistent visual field changes not explained by the eye exam) are present, a neurology consultation may be advised.
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