A swollen lymph node (lymphadenopathy) is an enlarged or tender lymph node often felt in the neck, underarm or groin. It usually reflects the immune system’s response to infection or inflammation, though other causes exist. The sections below explain common causes, signs to monitor, how doctors evaluate swelling, and when to get specialist input.
Lymph nodes filter harmful substances and react to bacteria, viruses and other triggers. Local infections — such as sore throat, ear or dental infections — often cause neck swelling. Skin infections can enlarge nodes near the affected area. Systemic infections and some chronic inflammatory conditions may also cause generalized lymph node enlargement. Temporary swelling can follow immunizations or allergic reactions.
Important characteristics include size, tenderness, consistency (soft versus hard), mobility and whether the node is fixed to surrounding tissue. Accompanying signs such as fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, or a node that stays enlarged or becomes firm over weeks warrant further assessment. Rapid worsening, breathing difficulty or trouble swallowing are urgent signs — seek immediate medical attention if these occur.
A clinician will examine the swollen node’s location and feel. Initial tests may include bloodwork and targeted infection tests; ultrasound can help assess structure. The need for further imaging or biopsy depends on clinical findings and persistence of swelling. These investigations are chosen case by case to clarify the cause rather than to provide treatment guidance here.
First evaluation often begins with primary care or internal medicine. If an infection is suspected, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology may be consulted; for skin-related causes, Dermatology and Venereal Diseases can be involved. ENT specialists (otolaryngology) assess lymph nodes near the head and neck. Simple measures at home include rest, keeping affected skin clean, and avoiding pressure on a swollen area, but persistent or worsening swelling should prompt professional review.
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