Fainting (syncope) is a temporary loss of consciousness and muscle tone caused by a shortfall in blood flow to the brain. It often resolves quickly on its own, but sometimes signals an underlying problem that needs evaluation. This page outlines common causes, safe immediate measures, and guidance on when to seek medical assessment.
Syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to transient cerebral hypoperfusion. Clinically it is often grouped into reflex (vasovagal) syncope, orthostatic hypotension–related syncope, and cardiac syncope caused by arrhythmias or structural heart disease. Neurological or metabolic problems can mimic syncope, so history and exam are important for correct classification.
Vasovagal triggers such as pain, emotional distress or prolonged standing, sudden postural changes leading to orthostatic drops, and cardiac causes (arrhythmias, structural disease) are among the most frequent. Contributing factors include dehydration, anemia, low blood sugar, certain medications, and older age or chronic illnesses. A prior history of fainting increases the chance of recurrence.
Ensure the scene is safe, then lay the person on their back and raise their legs to improve blood flow to the brain. Loosen tight clothing, check airway and breathing, and place them in the recovery position if vomiting or if breathing is impaired. Call emergency services if the person does not regain consciousness, stops breathing, or shows worrying signs. Avoid harsh shaking, pouring cold water on the face, or giving anything by mouth until fully alert.
Seek urgent evaluation if fainting is accompanied by chest pain, severe palpitations, shortness of breath, head injury, prolonged unconsciousness, or focal neurological signs such as weakness or speech difficulty. Recurrent unexplained fainting or known heart disease also warrants prompt medical review. If you suspect a life‑threatening event, contact emergency services.
Initial assessment often starts in primary care or the emergency department. Cardiology is involved when a cardiac cause is suspected; neurology if neurological features are present. Typical investigations include ECG, orthostatic blood pressure measurements, basic blood tests, Holter monitoring, echocardiography, and, when indicated, tilt‑table testing or neuroimaging. The choice of tests depends on the clinical context.
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