Reduced joint range of motion means a joint cannot move through its normal span. It can result from pain, stiffness, injury or changes in surrounding soft tissues. This page provides general information on causes, assessment and referral; it is not a substitute for clinical diagnosis. If you experience sudden severe pain, a clear deformity, high fever, or loss of feeling or strength, seek emergency care promptly.
Range of motion describes how far a joint can move in different directions. Clinicians measure active motion (when the person moves the joint) and passive motion (when an examiner moves it). A reduced range may show up as difficulty with everyday tasks, morning stiffness, or inability to perform specific movements.
A limited range can stem from one factor or several combined. Common causes include osteoarthritis and other degenerative joint conditions, inflammatory rheumatic diseases, intra‑articular injury (fracture or cartilage damage), contracture of soft tissues, tendon or muscle pathology, nerve entrapment, infection of the joint, and postoperative scar tissue. Pain‑avoidance behaviour can also lead to gradual loss of motion.
Initial assessment begins with a clinical history and physical exam to identify which movements are restricted, onset and associated symptoms such as swelling or fever. Imaging (X‑ray, joint ultrasound, MRI) helps assess joint surfaces and surrounding tissues. If infection or active inflammation is suspected, blood tests and, when indicated, joint fluid analysis may be performed. Based on findings, patients are often referred to Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Orthopedics, Rheumatology or other relevant specialties.
To help maintain or improve range of motion, aim for regular, appropriate movement and ergonomic adjustments at work and home. Weight management can reduce joint load. Supervised exercise programs and physiotherapy are commonly beneficial; these should be tailored by a professional. Seek prompt medical review for sudden swelling, fever, increasing redness, severe pain, or new numbness/weakness.
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