Stomach pain can range from mild discomfort to sudden, severe pain. Below we outline frequent causes, how features of the pain and accompanying signs can point toward different issues, and when to seek urgent or specialist assessment.
Pain perceived in the upper abdomen may arise from several sources. Frequent causes include gastritis and acid reflux, minor digestive infections, indigestion and gas, peptic ulcers, and issues related to the gallbladder or pancreas. Inflammation in parts of the intestines, hernias, or metabolic disturbances can produce similar sensations. This overview is for understanding possible sources, not for diagnosis.
Details such as whether the pain is burning, cramping, sharp or dull, when it started, how long it lasts and whether it spreads help narrow possible causes. Associated symptoms — nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, unexplained weight loss, or blood in vomit or stool — are important clues. Changes with eating or body position can also guide decisions about next steps.
Certain features suggest the need for prompt care. Sudden very severe pain, high fever, ongoing uncontrollable vomiting, fainting spells, a visibly swollen abdomen, blood in vomit or stool, or difficulty breathing are reasons to seek emergency services without delay. If you notice any of these warning signs, contact emergency services or go to an emergency department.
Start with your primary care physician or general practitioner for initial assessment. Based on the clinical picture, they may refer you to gastroenterology, general surgery, emergency medicine or pediatrics. Evaluation typically includes medical history, physical exam and, if needed, laboratory tests and imaging to clarify the cause and determine next steps.
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