Mouth ulcers (aphthous ulcers and similar lesions) are common and can cause pain or interfere with eating and speaking. This page outlines likely causes, symptoms to monitor, which specialties may be involved, and general guidance — not personalized medical advice.
Oral ulcers can result from several causes. Frequent contributors include aphthous stomatitis (canker sores), local trauma (biting, sharp teeth, dental appliances), viral infections such as herpes simplex, medication side effects, and allergic reactions. Nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folate) and systemic conditions that affect the immune system (for example, Behçet disease or inflammatory bowel disease) can lead to recurrent or prolonged ulcers.
Typical ulcers are round or oval with a pale center and red border and may cause pain, especially with eating or talking. Small ulcers often heal within days to two weeks. Seek prompt medical attention if ulcers are unusually large, extremely painful, numerous, or persist beyond two weeks. Emergency care is appropriate for breathing or swallowing difficulty, rapidly spreading lesions, very high fever, or heavy bleeding.
Initial assessment is often by a family physician or a dentist. If needed, referrals may include dermatology and venereal diseases, infectious diseases and clinical microbiology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, or oral medicine. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and, when indicated, blood tests, microbiological swabs, or biopsy for long-lasting lesions. The choice of tests is guided by the clinician.
Maintaining good oral hygiene, avoiding sharp or spicy foods, and reducing tobacco and alcohol can ease symptoms for many people. Gentle mouth rinses, soft diet, and stress management may help. If nutritional deficiency is suspected, a clinician or dietitian can advise on assessment. Persistent, recurrent, or severe symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
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