Clinical neurophysiology studies the electrical activity of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and muscles. This page explains common reasons to consult, the main electrophysiological tests, typical preparation steps and how results are used alongside clinical care.
This specialty evaluates electrical signals produced by the nervous system and muscles. Common techniques include electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies and evoked potentials. These tests measure signal transmission and electrical responses to help clarify functional problems and guide clinicians from neurology, neurosurgery and rehabilitation.
Assessment is often recommended for recurrent seizures or unexplained spells, persistent dizziness, new or progressive muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, involuntary muscle activity, or suspected peripheral nerve injury. Sudden severe neurological changes—such as abrupt weakness, loss of speech, sudden vision loss or major changes in consciousness—require immediate emergency evaluation rather than routine outpatient testing.
EEG records brain electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp and is typically painless. EMG measures muscle electrical activity and may use fine needle electrodes, which can cause brief discomfort. Nerve conduction studies use surface electrodes to assess how fast and how well nerves transmit electrical signals. Evoked potentials record responses to visual, auditory or sensory stimuli. Test duration and preparation vary; you may be asked to wash hair, avoid hair products, or discuss medications that affect test results with the clinician.
Electrophysiological findings are interpreted together with clinical examination and imaging when needed. Results can help classify nerve or muscle disorders, inform surgical planning, track disease progression, or direct referrals to neurology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, or other specialties. A specialist will discuss next steps based on combined clinical and test information.
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