A varicocele is an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum that drain the testicle. It often develops after puberty and can progress slowly. This page gives general information about what varicocele is, common complaints people report, typical diagnostic approaches, and which specialists are usually involved in evaluation and follow‑up.
Varicocele is caused by dilated and tangled veins that drain the testicle. It is often related to ineffective vein valves and venous reflux. Anatomical differences make varicoceles more common on the left side. Some people have no noticeable symptoms; in others there may be discomfort or a sense of heaviness.
Typical symptoms include a heaviness in the scrotum, a dull or aching pain that is usually mild to moderate, or a perceived decrease in testicular size. Concerns about fertility sometimes prompt evaluation. See a urologist if symptoms increase, affect daily life, or if you have fertility concerns. If you experience sudden, severe testicular pain, scrotal redness, high fever or vomiting, seek urgent medical attention.
Evaluation usually starts with a physical exam; a clinician may feel enlarged, tortuous veins, often with a Valsalva maneuver. Scrotal ultrasound with color Doppler gives detailed information about venous flow and size. If fertility is a concern, semen analysis and reproductive assessment may be recommended. Urology or andrology specialists typically coordinate these tests.
Follow‑up plans depend on symptoms, age and fertility plans. Some cases are observed with periodic checks; others are referred for specialist assessment. Urologists, andrologists or reproductive medicine teams are involved when further evaluation or intervention is being considered. Any urgent or severe symptoms should prompt immediate medical evaluation.
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