A salivary gland stone (sialolithiasis) is a hard deposit that can form inside a salivary gland or its duct. This page explains typical causes, usual signs, how clinicians investigate the problem, and which specialties commonly assess patients. It is for general information and referral guidance, not individual diagnosis or treatment.
Stones develop when mineral and organic material builds up in a gland or duct. They most often occur in the submandibular gland beneath the jaw because saliva here is thicker and the duct is longer. Factors such as reduced saliva flow, prior infections, certain medications or changes in saliva composition can make formation more likely. Many stones are small and produce no symptoms; others can block saliva flow.
Common signs include swelling and pain in the gland that often worsens with eating or when saliva production increases. You may notice tenderness near the duct opening or reduced saliva. If an infection develops, fever and increasing pain can occur. Seek urgent medical attention if you have rapidly spreading facial or neck swelling, marked trouble breathing or swallowing, or a high fever.
Evaluation usually starts with history and physical exam, including inspection and palpation of the gland and duct. Imaging such as ultrasound or CT may be used; sialendoscopy (a small scope in the duct) can be employed in some centers. ENT (otolaryngology) specialists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, and dentists may all be involved depending on local services and the clinical situation.
Complete prevention is not always possible, but habits that support saliva flow can help: stay well hydrated, maintain oral hygiene, and discuss with your clinician whether any medications you take may reduce saliva. Avoiding prolonged mouth dryness and attending routine dental checks can reduce risk. For sudden severe symptoms, follow emergency guidance rather than waiting.
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