Tennis elbow results from wear of the tendons on the outer elbow and commonly causes pain with gripping or wrist‑extending movements. Below are typical symptoms, common causes, specialists who can help, and ways to reduce risk.
The most frequent complaint is pain and tenderness on the outer elbow. Pain typically increases with gripping, turning a doorknob, lifting objects or extending the wrist. Some people notice forearm weakness, difficulty holding items, or morning stiffness. Fever, spreading redness, sudden severe numbness or marked weakness suggest a different or more urgent problem and warrant prompt medical assessment.
Repeated wrist and forearm movements lead to small tendon injuries over time. Although named for racket sports, tennis is only one possible cause; prolonged computer use, carpentry, assembly-line tasks and prolonged use of certain hand tools can produce similar overload. It is more common in middle age, but activity pattern and load are the main factors.
Diagnosis is usually clinical based on history and exam; a clinician will assess which movements reproduce pain and what activities are affected. Imaging such as ultrasound or X‑ray may be used if the picture is unclear. Primary care doctors can assess and refer as needed; orthopaedic surgeons, physical medicine and rehabilitation (physiatrists) and sports medicine physicians often guide further care. Physiotherapists provide movement training, strengthening programs and ergonomic advice.
Reducing repetitive load and changing how tasks are done can help: break work into shorter intervals, vary activities, alter grip or tools, and adjust workstation ergonomics. Gradual strengthening and stretching of the forearm muscles, warming up before activity and taking short breaks reduce risk. If pain is severe or getting worse, seek clinical evaluation rather than waiting.
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