Pleurisy is inflammation of the thin membranes (pleura) surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. It often causes chest pain that varies with breathing and can be linked to different underlying conditions. Below are practical, general points on recognition, diagnostic approaches, and when to get medical attention.
Pleurisy occurs when the pleural layers become irritated or inflamed. The membranes may rub together or fluid can build up (pleural effusion), causing pain and changes in breathing. Inflammation can follow infections, pulmonary embolism, injury, autoimmune reactions, or be associated with malignancy.
Typical complaints include sharp or stabbing chest pain that worsens with deep breaths or coughing, shortness of breath, and a dry cough. Fever, a racing heart, coughing up blood, sudden severe breathlessness or fainting sensations are warning signs that need prompt medical review or emergency care.
Evaluation starts with a medical history and physical exam; a characteristic friction sound may be heard with a stethoscope. Chest X‑ray, ultrasound and CT scans help visualize pleural changes. If fluid is present, sampling the fluid for laboratory analysis can help identify infection, cancer, or other causes. Additional tests may be ordered based on clinical findings.
Causes include viral or bacterial infections, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, chest trauma, and certain cancers. Identifying the underlying cause is important for further evaluation and specialist referral when needed.
Not all cases can be prevented, but steps that reduce respiratory infection risk—such as staying up to date with vaccines and avoiding smoking—may help. Seek clinical evaluation for persistent chest pain, increasing breathlessness, high fever, fainting, or any signs of severe illness.
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