Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the tissues that support teeth — the gums and the underlying bone. This page provides general information on how periodontitis develops, common signs, prevention measures, and guidance on when to seek dental evaluation.
Periodontitis often follows untreated gingivitis (gum inflammation). Bacterial plaque on tooth surfaces and the body’s immune response can cause chronic inflammation that damages the connective tissue and alveolar bone supporting teeth. Over time this may lead to gum recession, deeper periodontal pockets, and loss of attachment around the tooth.
Common signs include gums that bleed during brushing or flossing, persistent bad breath, red or swollen gums, gum recession, and a sensation of drifting or looseness of teeth. Early signs can be subtle, so routine dental check-ups help detect changes. If there is rapid swelling of the face or jaw, severe pain, high fever, difficulty breathing or swallowing, or uncontrolled bleeding, seek emergency medical help promptly rather than delaying care.
Factors that increase risk include tobacco use, poorly controlled diabetes, inadequate oral hygiene, genetic predisposition, certain systemic conditions, some medications, and lifestyle elements such as stress or poor nutrition. Regular dental assessments help identify individual risk and enable preventive planning.
Daily oral hygiene — effective toothbrushing and interdental cleaning — and routine professional dental cleanings reduce the risk of periodontitis. At a dental appointment, the clinician will assess gum pocket depths, tooth mobility, and x-rays to evaluate bone levels and guide follow-up. In non-urgent cases, start with a general dentist or a periodontist for specialist assessment; urgent or rapidly worsening problems may need immediate medical evaluation.
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