Pericarditis is inflammation of the thin sac (pericardium) around the heart. This page explains typical findings, likely causes, diagnostic approaches and when symptoms warrant urgent assessment. For individualized diagnosis or treatment, consult a specialist.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart. When inflamed, it can cause chest pain, fluid accumulation around the heart (pericardial effusion) or changes in heart function. The condition ranges from brief, self-limited episodes to forms that require close monitoring for complications.
Common symptoms include sharp, sometimes pleuritic chest pain often worse when lying flat, shortness of breath, low-grade fever, palpitations and cough. Seek immediate medical evaluation if you experience severe or rapidly worsening chest pain, sudden breathlessness, fainting or lightheadedness, very low blood pressure, or other sudden deterioration—these may indicate a complication requiring urgent care.
Viral infections are the most frequent cause. Other causes include bacterial infections, autoimmune or systemic inflammatory disorders, complications after a heart attack or cardiac procedures, advanced kidney disease (uremia), chest trauma, certain cancers and, rarely, medication reactions. Risk factors include recent infection, systemic inflammatory conditions and recent cardiac interventions.
Diagnosis begins with clinical assessment and cardiac auscultation for a pericardial friction rub. Tests commonly used include ECG (electrocardiogram), transthoracic echocardiography to assess for effusion, blood tests (inflammatory markers, cardiac enzymes) and, when needed, chest CT or MRI. In selected cases, pericardial fluid sampling or biopsy helps identify the cause. Choice of tests depends on clinical findings and specialist judgment.
Many episodes resolve with monitoring and specialist-directed care, but complications such as large pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade can be serious. Initial referral is usually to Cardiology; depending on suspected cause, Infectious Diseases or Rheumatology input may be needed. If emergency signs are present, go to emergency services without delay.
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