A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). This page gives general information on common symptoms, likely causes, typical evaluation steps, and when to consult a specialist or emergency services.
Typical complaints include burning or aching pain in the middle or upper abdomen, discomfort that may worsen with eating or on an empty stomach, bloating, excess gas and indigestion. Nausea and occasional vomiting can occur. Dark, tarry stools, visible blood in vomit or recurrent vomiting are signs of possible bleeding or complication and require urgent medical assessment.
The most commonly associated causes are Helicobacter pylori infection and regular use of non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Smoking and heavy alcohol use increase risk. Psychological stress does not by itself cause ulcers but can worsen symptoms. Rarely, conditions that increase acid production can lead to ulcers.
Evaluation usually begins with a medical history and physical exam. Doctors may use noninvasive tests for H. pylori or recommend upper endoscopy and imaging when needed. A gastroenterologist typically guides diagnosis and follow‑up; surgical input may be required if complications such as perforation or uncontrolled bleeding are suspected.
Reducing risk includes quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and reviewing long‑term use of pain relievers with your clinician. Eating regular, balanced meals and managing stress can help control symptoms. If you have ongoing upper abdominal discomfort, discuss evaluation and safe medication options with your healthcare provider.
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