An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled or semi-solid sac on or within an ovary. Most are benign and often cause no symptoms, but size, type or complications can lead to pelvic discomfort or other issues.
Many ovarian cysts cause no symptoms. When present, common signs include pelvic pain or a feeling of pressure, lower abdominal bloating, changes in menstrual patterns, pain during intercourse, and more frequent urination. If you experience sudden, severe abdominal pain, fever, fainting, intense nausea or vomiting, or heavy vaginal bleeding, seek emergency care promptly.
Cysts can form by different mechanisms: functional types like follicular cysts and corpus luteum cysts are linked to the menstrual cycle; endometriomas are associated with endometriosis; hormonal imbalances such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can lead to multiple small cysts. Age, hormone treatments, fertility procedures, and a history of ovarian cysts can affect risk.
Initial assessment is commonly done by a primary care physician or a gynecologist. Pelvic ultrasound is the primary imaging method; blood tests or further imaging may be requested in some cases. The choice of follow-up or referral depends on patient age, imaging features, and symptoms.
Rarely, a cyst can twist the ovary (torsion) causing acute pain, or a cyst may rupture and cause internal bleeding—both can require urgent surgical care. Persistent pelvic pain or new irregular bleeding should prompt timely specialist evaluation.
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