Osteoporosis is a condition marked by decreased bone density and structural deterioration of bone tissue, which increases the risk of fractures. Below are general facts about causes and risk factors, typical diagnostic approaches, and practical measures to reduce fracture risk.
Osteoporosis involves loss of bone mass and changes in bone microarchitecture that make bones more fragile. Fractures most often occur in the spine, hip and wrist. Age-related bone loss, hormonal changes (for example after menopause), and some long-term medical conditions can accelerate bone weakening.
Risk rises with age. Postmenopausal women, people with a family history of osteoporosis, those with low body weight or inadequate nutrition, long-term use of certain medications, smoking, excessive alcohol intake and low physical activity are more likely to develop low bone density.
Osteoporosis can be 'silent' for years with no clear symptoms until a fracture occurs. Later signs may include sudden back pain, loss of height or a stooped posture. Fractures can cause severe pain, loss of function and reduced independence; suspected fractures require prompt medical evaluation.
Bone mineral density testing (for example DXA) is the standard tool to assess bone density. Blood tests may be used to check for underlying metabolic causes. Initial evaluation can start with primary care; specialists involved in assessment and follow-up include Endocrinology, Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation.
General strategies to reduce fracture risk include regular weight-bearing and balance exercises, adequate dietary calcium and vitamin D, avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol, and modifying the home to reduce fall hazards. These are general recommendations; for individual risk assessment and follow-up, consult a healthcare professional.
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