Uterine fibroids are benign growths that develop from the muscular layer of the uterus. Their size and location determine whether they cause symptoms or are found incidentally. Below is general information on typical signs, diagnostic methods and which specialists to consult.
Fibroids (leiomyomas) arise from uterine smooth muscle tissue. They are commonly described by location: submucosal (near the inner lining), intramural (within the uterine wall) and subserosal (near the outer surface). Sizes range from very small to large masses; they are common in people of reproductive age.
Many fibroids cause no symptoms. When present, they can lead to heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, bleeding between periods, pelvic pressure or pain, frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder, constipation, a sense of abdominal enlargement, and, in some cases, fertility issues or recurrent pregnancy loss. Seek urgent care for severe bleeding, fainting, sudden intense abdominal pain or high fever.
Initial assessment usually includes a pelvic exam and pelvic ultrasound (transvaginal or transabdominal). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide more detail when needed. Blood tests may check for anemia from heavy bleeding. A gynecologist evaluates findings and rules out other causes.
Management depends on symptoms, fibroid size and location, and whether pregnancy is desired. Many cases are monitored without intervention. Primary care clinicians can perform initial evaluation and refer to a gynecologist for specialist assessment, imaging or procedures. For acute, severe symptoms, use emergency services.
Regular follow-up may be recommended if fibroids cause symptoms or grow. Heavy bleeding can lead to anemia and affect daily life. Some fibroid locations can interfere with conception or pregnancy; discuss reproductive plans with a gynecologist to plan monitoring and options.
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