Menisci are crescent-shaped cartilage pads inside the knee that help absorb load and stabilise the joint. Meniscus injuries often follow a twist, sudden pivot, direct impact or develop gradually with degeneration. The sections below outline common symptoms, how clinicians investigate suspected injuries, which specialists are typically involved, and practical prevention points.
Each knee has a medial and a lateral meniscus that cushion the joint and contribute to stability. Sudden rotational movements, forced bending under load or a direct blow can tear the meniscus. Degenerative changes with age make the tissue more vulnerable so relatively minor stresses can cause injury. The injury mechanism helps guide clinical decisions about investigation and referral.
Common complaints include knee pain (often worse when bearing weight), swelling, a catching or locking sensation and restricted range of motion. Some people report the knee ‘giving way’ or being unable to fully straighten. Urgent assessment is advised for sudden severe pain, inability to walk or bear weight, rapidly increasing swelling, visible deformity or fever with the joint—these may need prompt evaluation.
Evaluation starts with a history and physical examination, during which specific tests may raise suspicion for a meniscal tear. X‑rays can rule out fractures or show long‑term joint changes but do not visualise meniscal tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the standard non‑invasive method to assess soft tissues like the menisci. The choice of imaging depends on the exam findings and the treating clinician’s judgement.
Initial assessment is commonly performed by orthopedic surgeons or sports medicine physicians. Physical medicine and rehabilitation (physiatry) or physiotherapists often coordinate non‑surgical management and rehabilitation when appropriate. If urgent signs are present, emergency services or an urgent orthopedic review may be needed; contact local emergency care for immediate concerns.
Sports involving sudden pivots and twisting increase risk. Older adults are more prone to degenerative meniscal tears. Preventive measures include proper warm‑up, strength and balance training, attention to technique and appropriate footwear, and weight management. If you have prior knee problems, ask a specialist for tailored advice on reducing risk.
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