Kidney stones are hard crystalline deposits that form in the urinary tract. Small stones may cause no symptoms, but when they move or block urine flow they can cause sharp pain and other issues. Below are common causes, typical signs, diagnostic steps and prevention advice.
Kidney stones usually develop when salts and minerals in the urine crystallize and stick together. Sizes range from tiny grains to several centimetres, and stones can sit in the kidney, travel into the ureter (the tube from kidney to bladder) or reach the bladder. Stone composition (for example calcium, uric acid or struvite) varies and can influence risk factors and preventive recommendations.
Typical symptoms include sudden, severe flank or abdominal pain, blood in the urine (pink or dark), frequent urination or burning when urinating. Nausea or vomiting and sweating may accompany the pain. Fever or chills suggest a possible urinary infection and require prompt medical attention. Also seek urgent care for increasingly severe pain, inability to pass urine, fainting sensations or uncontrolled bleeding.
Factors that increase the chance of forming stones include not drinking enough fluids, a family history of stones, certain metabolic conditions, high salt intake and obesity. Specific diets and recurrent urinary infections also raise risk. Age, sex and living in hotter climates can affect how often stones occur.
Initial evaluation often includes urine and blood tests to look for infection, blood in the urine or changes in kidney function. Imaging such as ultrasound and non-contrast CT scan are commonly used to locate stones and assess size; the choice depends on clinical factors. Urologists usually lead diagnosis and management; nephrologists may be involved for metabolic assessment and prevention planning.
To reduce recurrence, general measures include adequate daily fluid intake, moderating salt consumption and maintaining a healthy weight. Dietary changes may be recommended based on stone composition. People with prior stones benefit from stone analysis and tailored advice from specialists to lower the chance of future stones.
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