Gingivitis is a common, usually reversible inflammation of the gums that causes redness, tenderness and bleeding. It most often results from plaque buildup but can be influenced by lifestyle, hormonal changes, medications and some systemic conditions. The sections below outline typical signs, prevention strategies and which health professionals can help.
Gingivitis commonly starts when bacterial plaque accumulates along the gumline. Contributing factors include inadequate brushing or flossing, tobacco use, hormonal changes (pregnancy, puberty, menopause), certain chronic conditions and some medications. Dry mouth, poorly fitting dental work and a diet low in nutrients can also increase susceptibility.
Typical signs are gum redness, swelling, bleeding during brushing or flossing, gum tenderness and occasional bad breath. If you notice severe gum swelling, high fever, pus or an abscess, or difficulty swallowing or breathing, seek emergency medical care. For mild to moderate symptoms, schedule an appointment with a dentist or oral-health professional.
The most effective prevention is consistent oral hygiene: brush twice daily with a technique suited to your teeth, clean between teeth daily with floss or interdental brushes, and attend regular professional cleanings. Avoid tobacco, maintain a balanced diet, and address dry mouth with your dentist or primary care clinician. Ask your dentist for personalised advice on tools and technique for your mouth.
Begin with a general dentist for evaluation and professional cleaning. If the condition is advanced or does not improve, a periodontist (gum specialist) may be recommended. When gingival inflammation could relate to an underlying medical condition, coordination with a primary care provider or relevant medical specialist can help. Urgent or spreading infections may require emergency-level assessment.
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