Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining. It can be mild or cause more noticeable symptoms. The sections below provide general information on possible causes, common signs, diagnostic steps and when urgent medical attention may be needed.
Gastritis refers to inflammation of the mucosal layer that lines the stomach. It can appear suddenly (acute gastritis) or persist or recur over time (chronic gastritis). There are different subtypes based on cause and pattern, and definitive classification usually relies on clinical assessment and tests such as endoscopy with biopsy when indicated.
Factors that commonly contribute to gastritis include Helicobacter pylori infection, prolonged use of NSAIDs, heavy alcohol intake, smoking, advancing age and certain autoimmune or systemic conditions. Stressful periods and some chronic illnesses may increase risk. H. pylori can be transmitted between people, so hygiene and medical evaluation are important when infection is suspected.
Common complaints linked to gastritis include upper abdominal discomfort or pain, indigestion, heartburn, nausea or vomiting, reduced appetite and bloating. Seek urgent medical evaluation or emergency care if there is vomiting with blood, black or tarry stools, sudden severe abdominal pain, fainting or extreme weakness, or new difficulty breathing — these may indicate complications that need immediate attention.
Initial assessment usually starts with a primary care physician or internal medicine specialist. Tests may include blood work, stool tests and noninvasive H. pylori testing (urea breath or stool antigen). Endoscopy (gastroscopy) allows direct visualization of the stomach and biopsy when needed. Gastroenterologists manage complex cases or when endoscopy and targeted treatment are required; infectious disease or other specialists may be involved if complications or coexisting conditions are present.
To reduce the risk of gastritis, avoid tobacco and limit alcohol, use NSAIDs only as advised by a clinician, practice good food and hand hygiene, and maintain a balanced diet. Screening and treatment for H. pylori may be discussed with a clinician when indicated. These points are general information; individual assessment and advice should come from a health professional.
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