Gallstones are solid deposits that can form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Many people have stones without symptoms; others may experience abdominal pain, indigestion or jaundice. Below are explanations of how stones form, common signs, typical diagnostic steps, and when urgent assessment or specialist referral may be needed.
Gallstones most often result from an imbalance in bile components such as cholesterol or bilirubin. Factors that increase the likelihood include older age, female sex and hormonal influences, obesity or rapid weight loss, certain inherited traits, and some chronic blood conditions. Many stones remain small and symptom-free; whether stones cause problems depends on their size, number and location.
Common complaints include pain in the upper right or upper middle abdomen, nausea, bloating and indigestion. Pain can radiate to the right shoulder or back. Many people have no symptoms. Seek urgent medical attention if you have severe continuous abdominal pain, high fever with shaking chills, yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice), persistent vomiting, or any new confusion or fainting.
Ultrasound of the abdomen is the most common first-line imaging test to detect gallstones. Blood tests can assess liver and bile duct function. In some cases, advanced imaging or endoscopic tests are used to look at the bile ducts more closely. Primary care physicians typically start the assessment and will arrange specialist tests if needed.
Initial evaluation is often by a family doctor or internal medicine/gastroenterology specialist. If symptoms are persistent, complications are suspected, or an intervention is likely, referral to general surgery or a hepatobiliary (HPB) surgeon may be appropriate. If you have warning signs such as high fever or jaundice, go to emergency services for immediate assessment.
There is no guaranteed way to prevent gallstones, but maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding very rapid weight loss, and eating a balanced diet may reduce risk. Discuss any specific dietary changes or supplements with a healthcare professional.
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