Male infertility describes situations where factors originating in the male partner contribute to a couple’s difficulty achieving pregnancy despite regular unprotected intercourse. This page summarizes common causes, what to expect during evaluation, which specialists typically take part, and lifestyle measures that may reduce risk.
Male infertility can result from problems with sperm production, sperm movement or structure, blockages that prevent sperm release, or hormonal imbalances. Genetic factors, past infections or surgeries, varicocele and environmental exposures (heat, certain toxins) are frequent contributors. It can affect men of any adult age, with lifestyle and medical history influencing risk.
Initial assessment usually begins with a medical history and physical exam covering reproductive history, prior infections or pelvic procedures, and workplace exposures. The first-line test is a semen analysis; further tests may include blood hormone levels, scrotal ultrasound and targeted genetic testing when indicated. The goal is to identify likely causes and guide appropriate specialist referral.
Urologists and andrologists commonly lead the diagnostic work-up for male infertility. Depending on findings, endocrinologists, clinical geneticists and reproductive medicine teams (fertility specialists) may be consulted to coordinate further testing and counseling.
Measures that can support reproductive health include maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol, reducing prolonged exposure to high temperatures (hot tubs, frequent saunas) and limiting contact with occupational toxins when possible. These steps may lower risk but do not replace specialist assessment.
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