Endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. Its severity and symptoms vary between individuals. This page offers general information about typical signs, how the condition is evaluated, and which specialists can help.
Endometriosis is characterised by endometrium-like tissue appearing on pelvic organs or the lining of the abdomen. These implants can respond to menstrual cycle hormones, causing local inflammation, scar tissue and adhesions. The exact cause is unclear; genetic, immune, and hormonal factors are thought to contribute.
Typical complaints include pelvic pain, painful periods (dysmenorrhea), chronic pelvic discomfort, and pain during intercourse (dyspareunia). Some people also report irregular bleeding, pain with bowel movements or urination, fatigue and concerns about fertility. Symptom severity is individual and may affect work, relationships and quality of life.
Evaluation usually begins with a medical history and pelvic exam, supported by imaging such as pelvic ultrasound or MRI when appropriate. Definitive diagnosis can require laparoscopy with direct visualisation and sometimes tissue sampling. A gynecologist is typically the first specialist to consult; referrals may be made to reproductive endocrinology, pain management, physiotherapy or general surgery as needed.
Diet, regular exercise, stress management and physical therapy techniques can help some people manage symptoms. Keeping a symptom diary and identifying activities that trigger pain may improve daily coping. These supportive strategies do not replace specialist assessment and individualized medical care.
Seek prompt medical evaluation for sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain, high fever, fainting, very heavy vaginal bleeding, or any rapidly worsening symptoms. In such cases, contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. For non-urgent concerns, schedule an appointment with a gynecologist.
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