Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the retina, the light‑sensing layer at the back of the eye. Early stages may have no symptoms, so people with diabetes should have regular eye exams. Below are concise points on how it develops, warning signs to watch for, screening, and which eye specialists can help.
High blood sugar over time can damage small blood vessels in the retina. This can lead to leaking vessels, blocked circulation or growth of fragile new vessels. Those changes may cause blurred vision, dark spots, or progressive vision loss; identifying changes early reduces the risk of permanent vision impairment.
Many people have no symptoms at first. Common signs include blurry vision, changes in color perception, new floaters or reduced night vision. Sudden vision loss, flashes of light, or rapidly worsening vision are urgent signs — seek immediate assessment from an eye doctor or emergency services.
Factors that raise the likelihood of retinopathy include longer duration of diabetes, poor blood sugar control, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking and pregnancy. Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure, a healthy lifestyle and quitting smoking help lower the risk of complications, though they do not replace specialist care.
Diagnosis is based on an eye examination by an ophthalmologist, often using dilated retinal exam, retinal photography and OCT imaging when needed. People with diabetes should follow a screening schedule set by their eye doctor; those with suspicious findings may be referred to a retina specialist for further evaluation and management planning.
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