Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. Mild cases are common and often managed with increased fluids; severe dehydration can be dangerous and usually needs medical evaluation. Below are clear explanations of signs, typical causes, groups at higher risk, and practical measures to reduce risk.
Early signs include thirst, dry mouth, darker urine, reduced urine volume and fatigue. If it progresses, people may feel dizzy, have a fast heartbeat, low blood pressure, muscle cramps or abdominal discomfort. In infants and young children look for unusual fussiness, less frequent wet diapers, or a sunken soft spot on the head.
Fluid loss can follow diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, heavy sweating, or inadequate fluid intake. Older adults, infants, people with chronic illnesses and those who exercise strenuously or work in hot environments face higher risk. Certain medications and underlying medical conditions can also affect fluid balance.
Maintain regular fluid intake throughout the day and increase fluids during hot weather or prolonged activity. Prefer water to high‑sugar or highly caffeinated drinks for routine hydration. During illnesses with vomiting or diarrhoea, consider oral rehydration approaches that replace both fluid and salts; seek medical advice if symptoms are severe or persistent.
Seek prompt medical assessment if there is very little or no urine, ongoing vomiting or diarrhoea, confusion or extreme drowsiness, severe dizziness, very fast heartbeat, high fever, or if an infant refuses feeds or is unusually sleepy. These can be signs of more serious dehydration that may require urgent care.
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