Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles), most often caused by a viral infection and commonly seen in infants. It typically begins with upper respiratory symptoms and can progress to cough, wheeze or difficulty breathing. Below are general points on what to watch for, prevention strategies and when to get urgent care.
Bronchiolitis mainly affects children under two years old, especially infants younger than six months. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequent cause, along with other respiratory viruses. Cases rise seasonally, often during winter and early spring.
Factors that increase risk include prematurity, existing lung or heart conditions, weakened immunity, exposure to tobacco smoke, and spending time in crowded childcare settings. Practical prevention measures include regular handwashing, avoiding close contact with sick people, keeping indoor air smoke-free and ensuring household vaccination for seasonal respiratory infections when recommended.
Early signs often include nasal congestion, cough and mild fever; some infants develop wheeze or rapid breathing. Seek urgent medical evaluation if there is marked difficulty breathing (retractions, very fast breathing), poor feeding or reduced fluid intake, extreme sleepiness or decreased responsiveness, bluish lips or nails (cyanosis), or episodes of paused breathing (apnoea). In those situations, contact emergency services or go to an emergency department.
Diagnosis is usually clinical based on history and examination; pulse oximetry, chest imaging or viral testing may be used selectively. Most cases improve with supportive care over 1–2 weeks, though cough can persist longer. Infants with risk factors or worsening signs should be followed by a pediatrician or pediatric respiratory specialist.
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