Aphthous ulcers are small, often painful sores that form on the inside of the mouth. They commonly heal on their own, but frequent, large, or long-lasting ulcers can reduce comfort and daily function and may need further evaluation. Below is a concise overview of types, typical triggers, everyday care tips and when to seek medical attention.
Aphthous ulcers are round or oval lesions with a pale or yellow center and a red border on the oral mucosa. Common types include minor (small) aphthae, major aphthae (deeper, longer-lasting) and herpetiform aphthae (many small ulcers). Minor lesions usually heal within one to two weeks; major or deeper ulcers can take longer and sometimes recur.
The exact cause is often unknown. Factors that can contribute include immune responses, local trauma (hard brushing, rubbing from dental appliances), stress, hormonal changes and certain nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin B12, folate or iron. Recurrent ulcers may be associated with systemic conditions (for example, Behçet syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease) or family history.
Aphthous ulcers typically begin with a burning or sharp pain and can make eating, speaking and oral care uncomfortable. Depending on size and number, they may affect nutrition and social activities. If ulcers are accompanied by high fever, rapidly growing lesions or signs that the problem is spreading beyond the mouth, a healthcare evaluation is advised.
Maintaining good oral hygiene, avoiding irritating foods, using a soft toothbrush and avoiding very hot or hard foods can reduce irritation. Rinsing with warm salt water or applying cold compresses may give temporary relief; specific medications are not recommended here. Seek medical care if ulcers last more than two weeks, recur frequently, cause severe pain that interferes with eating, are accompanied by high fever, or cause difficulty swallowing or breathing, or spread outside the mouth. When needed, referrals are commonly made to Family Medicine, Dentistry, Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, or Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. For sudden breathing problems or heavy bleeding, go to emergency care.
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